Earth System Science: A Complete Introduction
Learn the foundations of Earth System Science, Earth's interconnected spheres, energy flows, biogeochemical cycles, feedbacks, tipping points, and human impacts.
Search results
“Climate and Human Society”
Guides, research and analysis matching your search.
36 results
What Is a Just Transition?
A just transition is a framework for shifting to a sustainable, low-carbon economy in a way that is fair and inclusive, protecting workers, communities,…
How Are Planetary Boundaries Measured?
Planetary boundaries are measured using control variables—specific, quantifiable indicators of Earth-system processes—compared against proposed safe limits derived from the Holocene baseline. As of 2023,…
What Are Novel Entities? A Clear Explanation of the Planetary Boundary Concept
Novel entities are human-introduced substances or organisms that can disrupt Earth's systems. They are one of the nine planetary boundaries, and their control is…
How Inequality Affects Environmental Risk
Inequality shapes environmental risk by concentrating hazards in disadvantaged communities while limiting their capacity to respond. Low-income and marginalized groups often face greater exposure…
What Is Doughnut Economics? A Comprehensive Explainer
Doughnut Economics is a visual framework for sustainable development that combines the concept of planetary boundaries with the concept of social boundaries. It defines…