How Food Systems Cross Multiple Planetary Boundaries
Food systems are a primary driver of Earth system change, pushing humanity beyond several planetary boundaries—the safe limits for human development. Agriculture, livestock, fisheries,…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
411 resources
What Would a Weaker AMOC Mean for Climate?
A weaker Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) would disrupt global climate patterns, leading to cooler temperatures in the North Atlantic region, rising sea levels…
Planetary Boundaries vs Limits to Growth: A Comparative Analysis
The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on nine Earth-system processes, while the Limits to Growth study used system…
Heat Pumps vs Gas Boilers: A Comparative Analysis for Residential Heating
A neutral, evidence-grounded comparison of heat pumps and gas boilers for home heating, examining efficiency, costs, environmental impact, and practical considerations. Heat pumps offer…
Neonicotinoids and Pollinator Health: Understanding the Risks and Evidence
Neonicotinoids are a class of systemic insecticides that are absorbed by plants and can contaminate pollen and nectar, posing risks to bees and other…
Green Hydrogen vs Blue Hydrogen: A Comprehensive Comparison
Green hydrogen is produced by splitting water using renewable electricity, emitting no carbon dioxide. Blue hydrogen is made from natural gas with carbon capture…
How Microplastics Move Through Food Webs
Microplastics—tiny plastic particles less than 5 mm in size—enter food webs when they are ingested by organisms at the base of the food chain,…
Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Fertilized Soil: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions
Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fertilized soil occur when nitrogen-based fertilizers applied to agricultural land undergo microbial transformations, releasing a potent greenhouse gas. N₂O…
What Are Atmospheric Rivers? A Comprehensive Explainer
Atmospheric rivers are long, narrow corridors of concentrated moisture in the atmosphere that transport vast amounts of water vapor from the tropics to higher…
Systematic Review vs Meta-Analysis: Publication Trends and Key Differences
In 2022, approximately 45,000 systematic reviews were published, of which an estimated 30% included a meta-analysis, according to a 2023 bibliometric analysis of PubMed…