How Changing Rainfall Affects Mosquito-Borne Diseases
A systematic review finds that the relationship between rainfall variability and mosquito-borne disease outbreaks is complex, nonlinear, and highly dependent on local ecology, mosquito…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
349 resources
What the Planetary Boundaries Framework Can—and Cannot—Tell Policymakers
The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity by identifying nine Earth-system processes and proposing quantitative boundaries for each. It can…
What Is Earth’s Energy Imbalance? A Clear Explanation
SHORT ANSWER: Earth’s energy imbalance is the net difference between incoming solar radiation absorbed by the planet and outgoing thermal radiation emitted back to…
What Is Soil Organic Carbon? A Comprehensive Explainer
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the carbon stored in soil organic matter, including decomposed plant and animal residues, microbial biomass, and humus. It is…
Planetary Boundaries and the Precautionary Principle
The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity by setting precautionary limits on nine Earth-system processes. It explicitly incorporates the precautionary…
Why Vehicle Size Matters for Environmental Impact
Reducing vehicle size is a proven, low-cost strategy to cut greenhouse gas emissions, air pollution, and resource consumption. Larger vehicles consume more energy and…
Climate Overshoot Explained
Climate overshoot refers to a scenario where global average temperatures temporarily exceed a target level, such as 1.5°C or 2°C above pre-industrial levels, before…
Trophic Cascades Explained With Examples
A trophic cascade is an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators, causing reciprocal changes in the relative populations of…
Levelized Cost vs Total System Cost: Understanding the Difference
Levelized cost of energy (LCOE) measures the average lifetime cost per unit of electricity from a specific power plant, while total system cost captures…
What Is a Safe and Just Earth-System Boundary?
A safe and just Earth-system boundary defines the limits of human pressure on critical planetary processes, ensuring both a stable Earth system (safe) and…