Glacier Mass Balance Explained: How It Works, Why It Matters, and Key Facts
Glacier mass balance is the net gain or loss of ice on a glacier over a specific period, typically a year. It is the…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
416 resources
Green Bonds and Sustainability-Linked Bonds: Definitions, Mechanisms, and Impact
Green bonds are fixed-income instruments that earmark proceeds for environmental projects, while sustainability-linked bonds tie financial terms to the issuer's achievement of sustainability targets.…
Solar Radiation Modification: Potential and Risks
Solar radiation modification (SRM) encompasses a set of proposed techniques to reflect a small fraction of sunlight back into space to cool the Earth.…
How Carbon Dioxide Changes Ocean Chemistry
When carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the atmosphere dissolves in seawater, it triggers a series of chemical reactions that lower the ocean's pH, a process…
Gross Zero vs Net Zero Emissions: Understanding the Difference
Gross zero emissions means eliminating all greenhouse gas emissions at their source, while net zero allows for some residual emissions to be balanced by…
Avoidance Credits vs Removal Credits: A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Market Instruments
Avoidance credits finance projects that prevent emissions, while removal credits support projects that extract CO2 from the atmosphere. Both are used in carbon markets…
PM2.5 Pollution Explained: Health Effects, Sources, and the Science Behind Fine Particulate Matter
PM2.5 refers to fine inhalable particles with diameters of 2.5 micrometers or smaller. Research consistently links exposure to these particles with increased risks of…
Financial Materiality vs Impact Materiality: Understanding the Two Perspectives
Financial materiality focuses on how sustainability issues affect a company’s financial performance, while impact materiality addresses the company’s effects on society and the environment.…
Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS): A Comprehensive Analysis
An evidence-based assessment of carbon capture, utilization and storage technologies: their potential to mitigate climate change, real-world performance, costs, risks, and role in a…
Where Hydrogen Makes Sense—and Where It Does Not
Hydrogen is not a one-size-fits-all energy solution. It makes the most sense in hard-to-electrify sectors like heavy industry, long-haul transport, and seasonal energy storage,…