High-Speed Rail vs Air Travel: A Comparative Analysis
High-speed rail offers a lower-carbon alternative to short-haul air travel on dense corridors, with proven success in Europe and Asia. However, its high upfront…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
417 resources
What Is Embodied Carbon in Buildings?
Embodied carbon refers to the greenhouse gas emissions from building material production, transportation, and construction. Reducing it is a critical and increasingly viable strategy…
Deoxygenation: Why the Ocean Is Losing Oxygen
Ocean deoxygenation is the decline in dissolved oxygen levels in the world's oceans, driven primarily by rising water temperatures and nutrient pollution. Warmer water…
Why Carbon Dioxide Accumulates in the Atmosphere
Carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere because human activities—primarily burning fossil fuels and deforestation—release CO2 faster than natural sinks like oceans and forests can…
Induced Demand: Why Wider Roads Can Increase Traffic
Induced demand is the well-documented phenomenon where expanding road capacity leads to increased traffic volumes, often negating expected congestion relief. This analysis examines the…
Decarbonizing Maritime Shipping: Solutions for Global Trade Emissions
Shipping, the backbone of global trade, accounts for about 2-3% of global greenhouse gas emissions. A combination of energy efficiency, alternative fuels, and operational…
Projected Global Warming by 2100 Under Current Policies: Insights from Integrated Assessment Models
According to the UNEP Emissions Gap Report 2023, integrated assessment models (IAMs) project a median global warming of 2.8°C by 2100 under current policies,…
Ammonia Pollution From Agriculture: Sources, Impacts, and Solutions
Ammonia pollution from agriculture is the release of gaseous ammonia (NH₃) into the air from livestock manure and nitrogen fertilizers. Once airborne, ammonia reacts…
Increasing CO₂ threatens human nutrition
A 2014 study in Nature found that rising atmospheric CO₂ levels reduce the protein, iron, and zinc content of staple crops like wheat, rice,…
How Predator Loss Changes Entire Ecosystems
Predator loss triggers trophic cascades that can unravel entire ecosystems, leading to overgrazing, habitat degradation, and loss of biodiversity. Understanding these cascading effects reveals…