Coastal Ecosystems as Natural Climate Defenses
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs act as natural climate defenses by reducing wave energy, storm surge, and…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
417 resources
Building Renovation vs New Construction: A Comparative Analysis
Renovating existing buildings often has lower upfront embodied carbon and can preserve cultural heritage, while new construction allows for modern energy performance and density.…
Extended Producer Responsibility for Businesses: Principles, Implementation, and Impact
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that makes producers responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products, especially end-of-life management. It shifts…
Environmental Persistence: Definition, Mechanisms, and Significance
Environmental persistence is the ability of a substance to remain in the environment without significant degradation, often measured by its half-life. It matters because…
The Haber-Bosch Process and the Global Food System
The Haber-Bosch process is an industrial method that synthesizes ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen, providing the foundation for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. It is estimated to…
Post-Growth Economics Explained: Moving Beyond GDP
Post-growth economics is a school of thought that challenges the primacy of GDP growth as a policy goal, arguing that endless economic expansion is…
Local Food vs Low-Carbon Food: Understanding the Difference
Local food is defined by geographic proximity, while low-carbon food is defined by its total greenhouse gas emissions across the entire supply chain. Although…
Hypoxia vs Anoxia in Aquatic Ecosystems: Definitions, Causes, and Consequences
Hypoxia and anoxia are conditions of low and zero dissolved oxygen, respectively, in water bodies. They occur when oxygen consumption by biological and chemical…
Compostable vs Biodegradable vs Bio-Based Plastics: Understanding the Differences
Compostable plastics break down into non-toxic components in composting conditions, while biodegradable plastics can degrade naturally but without a defined timeframe or end-product. Bio-based…
Planetary Health Diet Explained: The EAT-Lancet Commission Report
The EAT-Lancet Commission proposed a global reference diet that could feed 10 billion people by 2050 while preventing about 11 million premature deaths annually…