Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Environmental Sources: Current Data Landscape
As of 2024, the Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) provides access to over 400 million environmental data resources, spanning primary, secondary, and…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
114 resources
What Are Novel Entities? A Clear Explanation of the Planetary Boundary Concept
Novel entities are human-introduced substances or organisms that can disrupt Earth's systems. They are one of the nine planetary boundaries, and their control is…
Extended Producer Responsibility: A Comprehensive Overview
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach that makes producers responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products, especially for take-back, recycling,…
Correlation vs Causation in Environmental Studies: A Data-Driven Examination
A 2018 systematic review found that approximately 60% of observational studies in environmental health used causal language inappropriately, highlighting the persistent challenge of distinguishing…
Which Foods Have the Largest Environmental Footprint?
Animal-based foods, particularly beef and lamb, have the largest environmental footprints in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water consumption. Plant-based foods…
Phosphorus Pollution Explained: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions
Phosphorus pollution is the excessive input of phosphorus into water bodies, primarily from agricultural runoff, wastewater, and industrial discharges. It triggers eutrophication, leading to…
Direct Air Capture: Potential and Limitations
Direct air capture (DAC) is a technology that removes CO2 directly from the atmosphere. It addresses the need for negative emissions to meet climate…
What Is Green Water and Blue Water? A Comprehensive Guide
Green water is precipitation stored in soil and used by plants, while blue water is liquid water in rivers, lakes, and aquifers. These concepts,…
Why Environmental Datasets Sometimes Disagree: A Case Study of Global Temperature Records
In 2023, NASA GISTEMP reported a global surface temperature anomaly of 0.89°C above the 1981–2010 average, while the UK Met Office's HadCRUT5 dataset reported…
Can Ecosystem Restoration Reverse Biodiversity Loss?
Ecosystem restoration can partially reverse biodiversity loss by reviving habitats and species populations, but it cannot fully restore original biodiversity or replace the need…