Evidence library
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
350 resourcesHigh-income countries have larger material footprints because their high levels of consumption, extensive infrastructure, and consumerist lifestyles require vast amounts of raw materials, often…
Energy efficiency uses technology to perform the same tasks with less energy, while energy conservation involves behavioral changes to reduce energy use. Both are…
Fossil fuel subsidies are government actions that lower the cost of fossil fuel production or consumption, including direct payments, tax breaks, and price controls.…
Persistent, Bioaccumulative and Toxic (PBT) chemicals are substances that resist degradation, accumulate in living organisms, and cause harmful effects. They pose long-term risks to…
Climate tipping points are critical thresholds where a small change can trigger a large, often self-perpetuating shift in Earth's systems. Whether they can be…
Planetary boundaries are not independent; they form a tightly coupled system. Climate change and biosphere integrity are the most central, mediating interactions among boundaries…
The remaining carbon budget is the maximum amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that can still be emitted while keeping global warming below a specific…
Blue water is fresh surface and groundwater consumed by human activities. Green water is precipitation stored in soil and used by plants. Grey water…
A large multicountry observational study found that the elderly, people with cardiovascular or respiratory diseases, and those living in urban areas face the highest…
An ecological trap is a low-quality habitat that organisms mistakenly prefer over better alternatives, often due to misleading environmental cues. This phenomenon can lead…
