Model Projection vs Prediction: Understanding the Distinction in Climate Science
Model projections and predictions are distinct concepts in climate science. As of 2024, the IPCC AR6 projects a global temperature increase of 1.5°C by…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
114 resources
Individual Action vs Systemic Change: Which Drives Real Progress?
This analysis examines the debate over whether individual actions or systemic changes are more effective in solving large-scale societal problems. While individual actions are…
How Food Waste Affects Climate and Land Use
Food waste is the discarding of edible food throughout the supply chain and by consumers. When food is wasted, all the resources used to…
Reforestation vs Afforestation: A Comparative Analysis of Nature-Based Climate Solutions
Reforestation and afforestation are widely promoted nature-based solutions for carbon removal and ecosystem restoration. Reforestation—replanting trees in recently deforested areas—generally offers faster ecological recovery…
How Scientists Measure Uncertainty: The 2023 Global Temperature Anomaly Example
The 2023 global average surface temperature anomaly was 1.36°C above the 1951-1980 baseline, with a 95% confidence interval of ±0.05°C, according to NASA GISS.…
How Food Production Affects Planetary Boundaries
Food production is the single largest driver of environmental change, pushing multiple planetary boundaries beyond safe limits. It contributes to climate change, biodiversity loss,…
What Is Environmental Justice? Definition, History, and Key Principles
Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the…
What Is a Nature-Based Solution? A Comprehensive Analysis
Nature-based solutions (NbS) are actions that protect, manage, or restore ecosystems to address societal challenges such as climate change, water security, and biodiversity loss.…
How Urbanization Changes Energy and Resource Use
Urbanization fundamentally alters energy and resource use by concentrating populations, changing consumption patterns, and reshaping infrastructure. While cities can drive efficiency through density and…
Can Renewable Energy Operate Without Fossil Fuels? A Solution Analysis
While technically feasible in theory, a fully renewable energy system without any fossil fuel backup has not yet been demonstrated at large scale. High-penetration…