Ocean Acidification: Causes, Evidence and Ecological Consequences
Learn what ocean acidification is, how rising CO₂ changes seawater chemistry, its impacts on marine life, and why it has become a planetary boundary.
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
201 resourcesNovel Entities Explained: Chemicals, Plastics and Planetary Risk
Learn what novel entities are, why chemicals, plastics, PFAS, pesticides, and other synthetic substances are a planetary boundary, and how they threaten Earth's life-support…
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycles: The Hidden Planetary Crisis
Learn how human disruption of the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles affects climate, freshwater, biodiversity, food production, and Earth's planetary boundaries.
Land-System Change: Agriculture, Forests and Earth’s Resilience
Learn how agriculture, deforestation, and land-use change affect climate, biodiversity, freshwater, and Earth's resilience through the land-system change planetary boundary.
Freshwater Change: Understanding the Planet’s Changing Water Cycle
Learn how freshwater change affects rivers, groundwater, soil moisture, climate, ecosystems, and why the global water cycle is a planetary boundary.
Biodiversity and Biosphere Integrity: Why Living Systems Matter
Learn why biodiversity and biosphere integrity are essential for Earth system stability, ecosystem resilience, climate regulation, and human well-being.
Climate Change Explained: Causes, Evidence, Impacts and Solutions
A complete guide to climate change, including causes, scientific evidence, impacts, adaptation, mitigation, carbon cycles, and practical climate solutions.
Production-Based vs Consumption-Based Emissions: 2022 Data and Trends
In 2022, global production-based CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry were 36.1 GtCO2, while consumption-based emissions were identical globally but varied by country…
Earth System Tipping Points: Risks, Evidence and Uncertainty
Learn what Earth system tipping points are, the strongest scientific evidence, major tipping elements, cascading risks, uncertainties, and why every fraction of warming matters.
Earth System Science: A Complete Introduction
Learn the foundations of Earth System Science, Earth's interconnected spheres, energy flows, biogeochemical cycles, feedbacks, tipping points, and human impacts.