District Heating and Cooling: A Comprehensive Analysis
District heating and cooling (DHC) systems distribute thermal energy from centralized sources to multiple buildings, offering a potentially efficient and low-carbon solution for space…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
413 resources
How to Spot a Misleading Environmental Graph
Short answer: A 2018 analysis by Carbon Brief found that 15% of climate graphs in UK newspapers used misleading techniques such as truncated y-axes…
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): Current Scenarios and Climate Projections
Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are greenhouse gas concentration trajectories used in climate modeling. The current set includes RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, and RCP8.5, defined by…
Cradle-to-Gate vs Cradle-to-Grave: Understanding Life Cycle Assessment Boundaries
Cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave are two system boundaries used in life cycle assessment (LCA) to define the scope of environmental impact analysis. Cradle-to-gate covers from…
Healthy Ecosystems as Public-Health Infrastructure: A Framework for Integrating Ecosystem Services into Public Health
This conceptual study proposes a framework that positions healthy ecosystems as essential public health infrastructure, highlighting how ecosystem services such as disease regulation, clean…
Environmental DNA: How Scientists Detect Hidden Species
Environmental DNA (eDNA) is genetic material collected from environmental samples like water, soil, or air, rather than directly from an organism. It allows scientists…
What Is Resource Extraction? A Comprehensive Overview
Resource extraction is the process of removing natural resources from the Earth for human use, including mining, drilling, logging, and agriculture. It provides the…
Conventional vs Organic Agriculture: Environmental Trade-Offs
Conventional and organic agriculture each present distinct environmental trade-offs. Organic systems reduce synthetic pesticide use and enhance soil biodiversity, but typically require more land…
Additionality in Carbon Markets: Concept, Challenges, and Evidence
Additionality is a core principle in carbon markets, requiring that emission reductions would not have occurred without the incentive provided by carbon credits. This…
Passive Restoration vs Active Restoration: A Comprehensive Comparison
Passive restoration relies on natural recovery processes after removing disturbances, while active restoration involves direct human intervention such as planting and engineering. Both approaches…