Energy Transition Minerals: Environmental and Social Risks
Energy transition minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and rare earths are essential for clean energy technologies, but their extraction and processing carry significant environmental…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
350 resources
No-Till Farming: Does It Store More Carbon?
No-till farming reduces soil disturbance, which can increase soil organic carbon in surface layers compared to conventional tillage. However, the net effect on total…
Carbon Removal Permanence: Ensuring Long-Term Climate Benefits
Carbon removal permanence refers to the duration that removed CO2 remains out of the atmosphere. It is a critical factor in evaluating carbon removal…
Ocean Acidification vs Ocean Warming: Understanding Two Major Climate-Driven Threats to the Sea
Ocean acidification and ocean warming are two distinct but interconnected consequences of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide. Acidification refers to the ongoing decrease in seawater…
Planetary Boundaries vs Environmental Thresholds
The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity by identifying nine Earth-system processes and their thresholds. Unlike traditional environmental thresholds that…
The Global Water Cycle Explained
The global water cycle, also known as the hydrological cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below Earth's surface. It involves…
Remote Sensing vs Ground-Based Measurements: Comparing Global Temperature Trends
The difference between surface-based and satellite-derived global temperature trends for 1979–2023 is approximately 0.05°C per decade, with surface records showing a trend of 0.18°C/decade…
Planetary Boundaries and Intergenerational Justice
The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity, which is intrinsically linked to intergenerational justice—the obligation to leave future generations a…
Natural Capital: Useful Framework or Dangerous Simplification?
Natural capital is a framework that treats ecosystems and natural resources as assets providing essential services, aiming to integrate environmental values into economic decision-making.…
Complete Streets Explained: A Comprehensive Analysis
Complete Streets is a design and policy approach that ensures streets are safe and accessible for all users, not just cars. Evidence shows it…