Evidence library
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
201 resourcesReforestation and afforestation are widely promoted nature-based solutions for carbon removal and ecosystem restoration. Reforestation—replanting trees in recently deforested areas—generally offers faster ecological recovery…
The 2023 global average surface temperature anomaly was 1.36°C above the 1951-1980 baseline, with a 95% confidence interval of ±0.05°C, according to NASA GISS.…
Food production is the single largest driver of environmental change, pushing multiple planetary boundaries beyond safe limits. It contributes to climate change, biodiversity loss,…
Environmental justice is the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the…
Nature-based solutions (NbS) are actions that protect, manage, or restore ecosystems to address societal challenges such as climate change, water security, and biodiversity loss.…
Urbanization fundamentally alters energy and resource use by concentrating populations, changing consumption patterns, and reshaping infrastructure. While cities can drive efficiency through density and…
While technically feasible in theory, a fully renewable energy system without any fossil fuel backup has not yet been demonstrated at large scale. High-penetration…
Inequality shapes environmental risk by concentrating hazards in disadvantaged communities while limiting their capacity to respond. Low-income and marginalized groups often face greater exposure…
The global carbon budget is the total amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that can be emitted while still limiting global warming to a specific…
Primary microplastics are intentionally manufactured small plastic particles, such as microbeads and industrial pellets, while secondary microplastics result from the breakdown of larger plastic…
