Evidence library
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
412 resourcesPrimary microplastics are intentionally manufactured small plastic particles, such as microbeads and industrial pellets, while secondary microplastics result from the breakdown of larger plastic…
A climate tipping point is a critical threshold beyond which a natural system undergoes a significant, often irreversible change, even if the driving forces…
Transgression of a planetary boundary means that a key Earth-system control variable has moved beyond the proposed safe operating space, entering a zone of…
The Planetary Boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on nine Earth-system processes, while Doughnut Economics combines an ecological ceiling derived…
A circular business model is an economic framework that aims to decouple growth from resource consumption by designing out waste, keeping products and materials…
In 2021, a sweep by the European Commission and national consumer authorities found that 42% of green claims on websites were exaggerated, false, or…
The Keeling Curve shows the latest atmospheric CO₂ concentration at Mauna Loa Observatory: 426.55 parts per million (ppm) in February 2025, as reported by…
The oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere because of a natural chemical equilibrium: CO2 dissolves in seawater and reacts with water to form…
Doughnut Economics is a visual framework for sustainable development that combines the concept of planetary boundaries with the concept of social boundaries. It defines…
Nitrogen pollution is the excessive release of reactive nitrogen compounds into the environment, primarily from agriculture, industry, and transportation. It disrupts ecosystems, harms human…
