Extended Producer Responsibility: A Comprehensive Overview
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environmental policy approach that makes producers responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products, especially for take-back, recycling,…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
412 resources
Correlation vs Causation in Environmental Studies: A Data-Driven Examination
A 2018 systematic review found that approximately 60% of observational studies in environmental health used causal language inappropriately, highlighting the persistent challenge of distinguishing…
Which Foods Have the Largest Environmental Footprint?
Animal-based foods, particularly beef and lamb, have the largest environmental footprints in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and water consumption. Plant-based foods…
Phosphorus Pollution Explained: Causes, Impacts, and Solutions
Phosphorus pollution is the excessive input of phosphorus into water bodies, primarily from agricultural runoff, wastewater, and industrial discharges. It triggers eutrophication, leading to…
Direct Air Capture: Potential and Limitations
Direct air capture (DAC) is a technology that removes CO2 directly from the atmosphere. It addresses the need for negative emissions to meet climate…
What Is Green Water and Blue Water? A Comprehensive Guide
Green water is precipitation stored in soil and used by plants, while blue water is liquid water in rivers, lakes, and aquifers. These concepts,…
Why Environmental Datasets Sometimes Disagree: A Case Study of Global Temperature Records
In 2023, NASA GISTEMP reported a global surface temperature anomaly of 0.89°C above the 1981–2010 average, while the UK Met Office's HadCRUT5 dataset reported…
Can Ecosystem Restoration Reverse Biodiversity Loss?
Ecosystem restoration can partially reverse biodiversity loss by reviving habitats and species populations, but it cannot fully restore original biodiversity or replace the need…
Model Projection vs Prediction: Understanding the Distinction in Climate Science
Model projections and predictions are distinct concepts in climate science. As of 2024, the IPCC AR6 projects a global temperature increase of 1.5°C by…
Individual Action vs Systemic Change: Which Drives Real Progress?
This analysis examines the debate over whether individual actions or systemic changes are more effective in solving large-scale societal problems. While individual actions are…