Production-Based vs Consumption-Based Emissions: 2022 Data and Trends
In 2022, global production-based CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry were 36.1 GtCO2, while consumption-based emissions were identical globally but varied by country…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
114 resourcesEarth System Tipping Points: Risks, Evidence and Uncertainty
Learn what Earth system tipping points are, the strongest scientific evidence, major tipping elements, cascading risks, uncertainties, and why every fraction of warming matters.
Earth System Science: A Complete Introduction
Learn the foundations of Earth System Science, Earth's interconnected spheres, energy flows, biogeochemical cycles, feedbacks, tipping points, and human impacts.
The Anthropocene Explained: How Humans Became an Earth-System Force
Discover what the Anthropocene means, why humans became an Earth-system force, the Great Acceleration, scientific debate, and its implications for humanity.
The Nine Planetary Boundaries: Status, Thresholds and Interactions
Explore the status, scientific thresholds and interactions of the nine planetary boundaries defining Earth’s safe operating space.
Planetary Boundaries Explained: Earth’s Safe Operating Space for Humanity
Human civilization depends on more than economic growth, technological innovation, and political stability. It also depends on a functioning planet. Reliable rainfall supports agriculture.…
What Is a Nature-Based Solution?
Nature-based solutions (NBS) are actions that protect, restore, or manage ecosystems to address societal challenges such as climate change, water security, and disaster risk.…
What Does “Safe Operating Space for Humanity” Mean?
The “safe operating space for humanity” is the central concept of the planetary boundaries framework, defining a Holocene-like state in which human societies can…
Criticisms and Limitations of the Planetary Boundaries Framework
The planetary boundaries framework identifies nine Earth-system processes and proposes quantitative limits to maintain a safe operating space for humanity. While influential in science…
What Is Regenerative Agriculture?
Regenerative agriculture is a holistic approach to farming and grazing that focuses on restoring soil health, increasing biodiversity, and enhancing ecosystem services. It goes…