Why Scope 3 Emissions Are Difficult to Measure
Scope 3 emissions are indirect greenhouse gas emissions that occur in a company’s value chain, including both upstream and downstream activities. They are difficult…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
201 resources
Per-Capita vs Total Environmental Impact: The Case of Global CO2 Emissions
In 2022, global total CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry reached 36.6 GtCO2, while per-capita emissions stood at 4.7 tCO2 per person, according…
How Nutrient Pollution Creates Coastal Dead Zones
Coastal dead zones are areas of water with extremely low oxygen levels (hypoxia) caused by excessive nutrient pollution, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus from human…
What Is Ecological Economics? A Comprehensive Overview
Ecological economics is a transdisciplinary field that views the economy as a subsystem of the Earth's ecosystem, emphasizing that economic activity must respect biophysical…
Coastal Ecosystems as Natural Climate Defenses
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, salt marshes, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs act as natural climate defenses by reducing wave energy, storm surge, and…
Building Renovation vs New Construction: A Comparative Analysis
Renovating existing buildings often has lower upfront embodied carbon and can preserve cultural heritage, while new construction allows for modern energy performance and density.…
Extended Producer Responsibility for Businesses: Principles, Implementation, and Impact
Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is a policy approach that makes producers responsible for the entire lifecycle of their products, especially end-of-life management. It shifts…
Environmental Persistence: Definition, Mechanisms, and Significance
Environmental persistence is the ability of a substance to remain in the environment without significant degradation, often measured by its half-life. It matters because…
The Haber-Bosch Process and the Global Food System
The Haber-Bosch process is an industrial method that synthesizes ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen, providing the foundation for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. It is estimated to…
Post-Growth Economics Explained: Moving Beyond GDP
Post-growth economics is a school of thought that challenges the primacy of GDP growth as a policy goal, arguing that endless economic expansion is…