Evidence library
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
114 resourcesClimate mitigation and climate adaptation are two complementary strategies for addressing climate change. Mitigation focuses on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to slow global warming,…
Ecosystem services are the direct and indirect contributions of ecosystems to human well-being. They include provisioning services like food and water, regulating services such…
Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters, while nanoplastics are even tinier, measuring less than 1 micrometer. Both originate from the breakdown of…
The Planetary Boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for nine Earth-system processes, while the Ecological Footprint measures human demand on nature against Earth's…
The planetary boundaries framework identifies nine Earth-system processes that regulate the stability and resilience of the planet. These boundaries are not independent; they interact…
Emissions reduction and carbon removal are both critical to addressing climate change, but they serve distinct roles. Emissions reduction is the immediate, cost-effective priority,…
As of the 2023 update by Richardson et al., six of the nine planetary boundaries have been transgressed: climate change, biosphere integrity (both genetic…
Biodegradable plastics are designed to break down through biological processes, but they do not offer a simple solution to plastic pollution. Their degradation depends…
Earth system resilience is the capacity of the planet’s interconnected physical, chemical, and biological components to absorb disturbances and reorganize while maintaining essential functions…
Decoupling refers to breaking the link between economic growth and environmental degradation. While relative decoupling is common, absolute decoupling remains a challenge, especially on…
