Trophic Cascades Explained With Examples
A trophic cascade is an ecological phenomenon triggered by the addition or removal of top predators, causing reciprocal changes in the relative populations of…
Topic archive
Earth System Climate
Understanding the interconnected components and processes that shape Earth’s climate.
What Is a Tipping Element in the Earth System?
A tipping element is a large-scale component of the Earth system—such as an ice sheet, ocean current, or ecosystem—that can cross a critical threshold,…
Carbon Sources vs Carbon Sinks: Understanding the Earth’s Carbon Balance
Carbon sources release more carbon into the atmosphere than they absorb, while carbon sinks absorb more carbon than they release. The balance between these…
Understanding Meteorological, Agricultural and Hydrological Drought: Types, Impacts, and Progression
Meteorological, agricultural, and hydrological drought represent three stages of water deficit, from reduced precipitation to soil moisture loss and finally to depleted water resources.…
Resistance vs Recovery in Ecosystems: Understanding Ecological Stability
Resistance and recovery are two fundamental components of ecological stability. Resistance measures an ecosystem's ability to withstand disturbance without changing, while recovery refers to…
Why Carbon Budget Estimates Differ
Carbon budget estimates—the amount of CO₂ that can still be emitted while limiting warming to a given temperature target—vary widely because of differences in…
Can Climate Tipping Points Be Reversed?
Climate tipping points are critical thresholds where a small change can trigger a large, often self-perpetuating shift in Earth's systems. Whether they can be…
What Is the Remaining Carbon Budget?
The remaining carbon budget is the maximum amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) that can still be emitted while keeping global warming below a specific…
Why Marine Heatwaves Are Becoming More Dangerous
Marine heatwaves—prolonged periods of unusually warm ocean temperatures—are increasing in frequency, intensity, and duration due to human-caused climate change. These events disrupt marine ecosystems,…
Low-Probability, High-Impact Climate Risks: An Explainer
Low-probability, high-impact climate risks are potential climate events or tipping points with a small chance of occurring but catastrophic consequences if they do. Understanding…