Planetary Boundaries and the Sustainable Development Goals
The planetary boundaries framework defines a safe operating space for humanity based on Earth-system processes, while the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set global targets…
Evidence library
Joaquimma Anna
Research, explainers and solution analysis for understanding change across a living planet.
417 resources
Blue Carbon Explained: Mangroves, Seagrasses and Salt Marshes
Blue carbon refers to the carbon dioxide captured and stored by coastal and marine ecosystems, primarily mangroves, seagrasses, and salt marshes. These habitats sequester…
Downscaling Climate Data: Statistical vs Dynamical Methods – Current State and Trends
As of 2024, dynamical downscaling achieves resolutions as fine as 1–3 km, while statistical downscaling provides point-scale projections; both methods are essential for local…
Corporate Sustainability vs Corporate Social Responsibility: Understanding the Key Differences
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) refers to a company’s voluntary actions to contribute to societal goals, often through philanthropy and ethical practices, while Corporate Sustainability…
What Is the Biological Carbon Pump? A Deep Dive into the Ocean’s Carbon Cycle
The biological carbon pump is the ocean's natural process of transferring carbon from the surface to the deep sea through the sinking of organic…
Vertical Farming: Energy, Land and Water Trade-Offs
Vertical farming is the practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers within controlled indoor environments, using technologies like hydroponics and LED lighting. It…
Can One Planetary Boundary Compensate for Another?
Within the planetary boundaries framework, no single boundary can compensate for the transgression of another. Each boundary represents a distinct Earth-system process with its…
Procedural, Distributive and Recognition Justice: A Comprehensive Guide
Procedural, distributive, and recognition justice are three interconnected dimensions of fairness that address how decisions are made, how resources are allocated, and how people's…
Life-Cycle Thinking for Business Decisions: A Comprehensive Guide
Life-cycle thinking is a holistic approach that evaluates the environmental, social, and economic impacts of a product or service across its entire lifespan—from raw…
Why Arctic Sea Ice Loss Does Not Directly Raise Sea Level
Arctic sea ice loss does not directly raise sea level because floating ice already displaces its own weight in water, following Archimedes' principle. The…